Biomarkers can help a treatment team to determine the best treatment for a patient, see how the patient is responding, and assist in creating a care plan. New tumor markers are being identified with more frequency, so all tumor markers may not yet be reflected on this list.
The following markers may be helpful for those who are diagnosed with cervical cancer.
Biomarkers of HPV infection and carcinogenesis | HPV DNA, | |
Markers of cell cycle and proliferation | Ki-67, cyclin D1, p53, p63 | |
Markers of apoptosis | P53, BCL-2, BCL-XL, BAX | |
Expression of cytokeratins–markers of differentiation | CK7, CK8, CK17, CK19 | |
Markers of cell adhesion, invasion and metastasis | E-cadherin, P-cadherin, CD44, ADAM9, MT1-MMP, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MT1-MMP, MMP-2, MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-14, proMMP-14 furin, gelatinase, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 | |
Biomarkers of cancer stem cells | Nanog, nucleostemin (NS), musashi1 (Msi1), SOX2, KLF4, CD133, Cd44, ALDH1, CD49f, ABCG2, BMI1, PIWIL2, LGR5, OCT4, CD117 | |
Markers of angiogenesis | VEGF, podoplanin (PDPN), thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1, antiangiogenesis factor), CD31 (a nonspecific endothelial marker), CD34, CD105 (a tumor-specific endothelial marker) | |
Vaginal microbiome, inflammation and immune homeostasis | Evaluation of the diversity of cervicovaginal microbiome |